一來到聖誕假期,大家最常問的其中一個問題,必定是「聖誕假會去哪裏玩呢?」事實上,身邊有很多朋友也喜歡香港冬日的清涼,不想坐長途飛機,所以會選擇留港休息消費,和家人團聚,享受豐盛的聖誕餐。也有些朋友會選擇去歐洲度假,希望度過一個白色聖誕。
去年,我有一個舊生就跟家人去了芬蘭,打算趁假期一睹北極光的風采。怎料當地的天氣異常寒冷,過了數天,她便病倒了,結果休息得太久而錯過了北極光。怕冷的我十分欣賞她的勇氣,還記得去年差不多這個時分,我在丹麥的哥本哈根 (Copenhagen),那股迎面而來的北風至今仍然令人難以忘懷。雖然當地的開放式三文治 (open-faced sandwich or Smørrebrød) 精緻可愛 ,但入夜後寒氣逼人,晚上我還是要走到附近的泰式餐館點了一碗青咖喱雞飯取暖 ,吃罷便急急趕回酒店,鑽進被窩的速度,恐怕是我人生中最快的一次。
不過,在我們享受旅行的同時,其實也值得反思,全球旅遊熱潮背後,世界各地正面對着一個愈來愈嚴重的問題:「過度旅遊」。隨着世界聯繫日益緊密,人們對旅行的需求日益增長。一到旅遊旺季,在社群媒體上往往會看到不同知名景點熙來攘往的人潮,擁擠不堪。
「「過度旅遊」」(overtourism) 一詞的出現源於人們擔憂旅遊需求過大會影響當地居民生活質素 (overtourism occurs when destinations experience an influx of visitors that exceeds their capacity to accommodate them)。雖然這詞已出現了一段時間,但近年來因為不少當地居民對旅客作出的抗議才開始被廣泛討論 (as tourists flocked to these iconic locales, local communities began to voice their frustrations);很多人也批評「過度旅遊」會引致過度擁擠、環境惡化和文化流失 (overcrowding, environmental deterioration, and cultural displacement)。
導致「過度旅遊」的因素很多。由於互聯網商業模式日漸發達和創新,全球旅行便利性大幅提升,使人們更易探索世界各地 (increased global travel accessibility has made it easier for people to explore distant parts of the world)。
很多時候,旅客不用預先付費就可以在線上預訂酒店,在指定時間內也可以隨時更改或取消;廉價航空公司的出現則使機票價格更親民,令國外旅行一下子變得觸手可及 (advancements in technology have facilitated online booking, while budget airlines have made flying more affordable than ever)。
此外,社群媒體平台在推動旅遊方面也扮演着重要角色,那些如詩如畫的景點一旦在帖子出現,就會馬上引來成千個的讚好和關注,很快成為下一個熱門旅遊目的地 (destinations that appear in picturesque photos can quickly become the next must-visit locations)。大家都渴望親身欣賞到他們在網上看到的美景和獲得同樣或更好的體驗 (this phenomenon leads to a surge in tourists as individuals strive to capture the same images and experiences they see online)。
可是,隨着遊客湧入,各種問題開始浮現,對居民和環境都造成了一定的影響 (as communities become overwhelmed by tourists, various issues begin to surface, impacting both residents and the environment)。「過度旅遊」帶來的許多問題之一是環境惡化 (environmental degradation)。
很多熱門自然旅遊景點 (popular natural tourist spots) 如澳洲的大堡礁 (Australia's Great Barrier Reef) 也因此而出現垃圾堆積和水質污染,影響生態環境 (suffer from litter, pollution, and habitat destruction)。另一個典型例子是泰國的瑪雅灣 (Thailand's Maya Bay):由於長期受到大量的一日遊遊客拜訪,損失了大量珊瑚,因此在2018時關閉了好幾年。
此外,遊客數量超過交通系統和基本設施的承載力時,當地基礎設施如公共交通將不堪負荷,導致延誤,引發遊客和居民的不滿 (local infrastructure faces strain when tourist numbers exceed the capabilities of transportation systems and basic amenities)。例如,印尼的峇里島 (Indonesia's Bali)由於缺乏大眾運輸系統,塞車問題頗為嚴重;馬爾代夫 (Maldives) 的美麗白色沙灘 (pristine, powdery white sand beaches) 也遭受垃圾和塑膠的污染。
「過度旅遊」帶來的另一個深遠影響是當地居民可能會流離失所 (the displacement of local residents)。隨着旅遊住宿需求的增長,業主紛紛將住宅改造成短期租房 (as demand for lodging increases, property owners may choose to convert homes into vacation rentals)。
在熱門旅遊目的地如巴塞隆拿、威尼斯和里斯本,由於旅遊業需求推高了租金,當地居民常常被迫離開家園,搬遷到另一個較遠的地區 (residents often find themselves pushed out of neighbourhoods due to rising rental costs driven by tourism demands)。這個問題也會影響當地傳統和獨特文化特色的保留,居民認同感逐漸被淡化 (this trend can result in cultural erosion, where local traditions and unique cultural identities become diluted)。
去年,我在波爾圖 (Porto) 探訪朋友時,就看到整個街區都被紀念品商店和做遊客生意的餐廳佔據。雖然這樣迎合旅客,但同時可能會擠壓了當地企業的生存空間。
另一個知名的「過度旅遊」城市威尼斯 (Venice, a quintessential example of a city grappling with overtourism),以運河和獨特建築而舉世聞名,以往被冠以 La Serenissima (非常寧靜) 的稱號。但如今因為旅遊需求過度增加,這個原本寧靜的小城每年都有數百萬遊客湧入 (once a serene destination known for its canals and unique architecture, Venice now faces enormous crowds, with millions of visitors each year) 。
一到節慶或夏天,狹窄小巷和小橋都擁堵不已。這不只引致公共服務不堪負荷,運河也受到污染 (the sheer number of tourists leads to overcrowded streets, strain on public services, and pollution in the canals)。居民對源源不絕的遊客湧入感到不滿,因此當地政府已採取了一些措施來應對「過度旅遊」 (local authorities have implemented measures to combat overtourism),包括向一日遊遊客徵收入城費以限制數量 (visitor caps and entrance fees),但問題仍然嚴重 (the challenge remains significant)。
推廣永續旅遊
的確,平衡居民和遊客的需求絕對是一項複雜的任務 (balancing the needs of residents and visitors is a complex task that continues to evolve)。位於夏威夷的茂宜島 (Maui in Hawaii) 也成為了「過度旅遊」的焦點,其壯麗迷人的熱帶雨林和珊瑚礁每年都吸引了來自世界各地的旅客,但過度觀光也引發了珊瑚礁退化等環境問題 (the island's natural beauty attracts visitors from around the globe, leading to environmental concerns such as reef degradation and overcrowded parks)。因應這些問題,當地社區開始推廣永續旅遊,呼籲遊客尊重當地的生態系統和文化 (in response, the community has begun to promote sustainable tourism practices, urging visitors to respect local ecosystems and culture)
永續旅遊 (sustainable tourism practices) 是指以負責任的態度去旅遊觀光,用行動實踐保護當地文化和自然生態的價值觀。實現永續旅遊需要整體性方法,平衡遊客、當地社區和環境的需求 (balances the needs of tourists, local communities, and the environment)。
首先,推廣環保方面 (promoting eco-friendly practices),可鼓勵遊客選擇可持續的交通方式 (sustainable modes of transportation),例如乘坐公共交通工具或踩單車 (public transit or biking),並支持那些優先考慮環境保護的住宿和旅行社 (supporting accommodations and tour operators that prioritize environmental stewardship)。教育方面也同樣重要,遊客需要了解當地文化、生態系統以及自身行為的影響,從而培養對所到之處的尊重 (travellers need to be informed about local cultures, ecosystems, and the impact of their behaviours, fostering a respect for the places they visit)。例如,泰國的布吉島 (Phuket) 有些酒店會舉辦生態保育活動,富親子趣味之餘,也可以讓大家更認識當地生態。
此外,不同地方政府也實施相關政策,規範遊客數量和活動,例如在熱門地區設定遊客數量上限,並推廣淡季旅遊以緩解旺季壓力 (regulate tourist numbers and activities, establishing visitor caps in sensitive areas and promoting off-peak travel to alleviate pressure during high seasons)。
當然,社區參與在永續旅遊上也擔當重要的角色,因為讓當地居民參與旅遊業可以確保他們從遊客身上獲得經濟和文化上的益處 (community involvement is also vital, as engaging locals in the tourism industry ensures that they benefit economically and culturally from visitors)。
解決「過度旅遊」問題需要採取多管齊下的策略,這需要地方政府、旅遊局和遊客本身的共同參與,讓大家既能享受旅遊的樂趣,也能同時為當地居民生活素質着想,也為保護生態一起出一分力。(overtourism presents a multifaceted challenge that requires immediate attention. As we witness the impacts on environments, local cultures, and communities, it is crucial for policymakers, tourism businesses, and tourists to adopt responsible practices)。
在此,謹祝大家度過一個平安健康的聖誕節!
關於「過度旅遊」的術語
Many cities are feeling the pinch of overtourism, as their infrastructures struggle to accommodate an overwhelming number of visitors. (很多城市承受着「過度旅遊」的壓力,基礎建設難以應付數量龐大的遊客。)
The local community rolled out the red carpet for tourists, but now feels burned out from the constant influx. (當地社區曾熱情款待遊客,但如今卻因遊客的持續湧入而疲憊不堪。)
When famous landmarks become the talk of the town, they often attract more tourists than they can handle, leading to significant problems. (當知名景點成為熱門話題時,往往會吸引大量遊客,遠超過承載能力而引發許多問題。)
For some destinations, overtourism is the straw that broke the camel's back, pushing locals to take a stand against excessive visitors. (對一些旅遊目的地而言,「過度旅遊」如同壓垮駱駝的最後一根稻草,迫使當地居民挺身而出,反對「過度旅遊」。)
Residents are calling for a balanced approach, hoping to keep their heads above water amid the challenges posed by mass tourism. (居民呼籲採取平衡的應對方式,希望在大眾旅遊帶來的挑戰中維持生計。)
Increasing visitor numbers can lead to growing pains, where initially thriving businesses start to feel the heat from overcrowded conditions. (遊客數量的增長會造成擾人的煩惱,原本蓬勃發展的企業也會因過度擁擠而感受到壓力。)
Local traditions might become lost in the shuffle amidst the commercialization of culture driven by tourist demands. (在以旅遊需求為驅動的文化商業化浪潮中,當地傳統可能會逐漸消失。)
Sustainable tourism initiatives aim to turn the tide on overtourism by promoting responsible travel and preserving local heritage. (永續旅遊倡議旨在透過倡導負責任的旅行和保護當地文化遺產來扭轉「過度旅遊」的局面。)
●何雅文 嶺南大學英文系副教授,擁有逾十年的英語語言學教學經驗。曾榮獲嶺大傑出青年研究學者獎,並創辦本港首個數碼英語研究碩士課程。近年專注研究媒體語言與隱喻,分析傳統和社交媒體如何描述各種人物與事件。

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